Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Essay Example

Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Paper â€Å"We cannot not communicate†Ã¢â‚¬â€this is an established fact in human existence and separates humans from other mammals. Even in silence one sends a multitude of messages: with one’s gaze, facial expression, touch, posture, gestures, and the manner in which one distances himself from the person or persons being communicated with. Equally, one’s choice of clothing and color as well as his timing may say more than what he communicates with his words. Yet as one speaks, more is revealed with the quality of his voice (pitch, tone and intonation), the number and length of his utterances, and the presence or absence of disfluencies in his words and even in his choice of words. Although in most recent studies some communication specialists would separate characteristics attributed to voice as well as word choice as paraverbal communication (Windle and Warren, n. d. ), we will refer to the earliest considerations on the forms of communication—the verbal and the nonverbal (Ehninger, et al, 1982; Pace, Peterson, Burnett, 1979; Becvar, 1974). Whether these nonverbals are sent intentionally or otherwise, one is certain: they serve certain factors: 1) repeating (e. g. vocal utterance and other NVCs that are presumed to repeat what is said), substituting (e. g. shaking the head in disagreement or nodding in acceptance), complementing (to emphasize emotional feelings), regulating, accenting and either deceiving or revealing a person’s intent and real emotions with regards to the communication situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer How much of what one communicates is nonverbal? David Givens (2005) provides an estimate on this phenomenon: Communicating Without Words According to Kramer, 94% of our communication is nonverbal, Jerry (Seinfeld, January 29, 1998). Kramers estimates (like the statistics of anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell [65%; Knapp 1972] and of psychologist Albert Mehrabian [93%; 1971]) are hard to verify. But the proportion of our emotional communication that is expressed apart from words surely exceeds 99%. So much is said even with a very few words that one should have a better understanding of the NVCs to become an effective communicator, and in the process overcome misunderstanding. A number of factors must be considered in understanding this form of communication, namely: 1) the manner in which the nonverbal is sent (either be deliberately or unconsciously transferred); 2) gender (males vs. female); and 3) socio-cultural (Europeans vs. Asians; minority vs. majority). For this purpose, we shall focus our discussion on the effects of gender differences in the use of nonverbal communication. O’Carroll’s (2006) article reviews some of the studies devoted to understanding the effects of gender on an individual’s communication style, including that of Deborah Tannena’s book You Just Don’t Understand: Men and Women in Conversation, which has been in the New York’s list of bestseller for nearly four years and have been translated into 24 languages, implying that certain misconceptions (i. e. girls aren’t more social than boys, neither are they more suggestible, girls aren’t any better at learning off by heart, boys aren’t good at more abstract learning, girls don’t have lower self esteem and that girls lack motivation [Macoby and Jacklin]) why females or males in particular ways while in a communication situation are somehow culturally ingrained in an individual’s pyche. Communicating Without Words Somehow socio-cultural norms (including the roles both assigned and perceived to be attributed to a particular gender) General disparities between male and female communication styles have been described as debate vs. relate, report vs. rapport, or competitive vs. cooperative (Gender Differences in Communication, n. d. ). How these are either revealed or concealed through the nonverbals will likewise be explained. Earlier it was mentioned that several types of nonverbal communication are perceivable in every communicative act. This paper will however focus on only three of them: 1) proxemics or the use of space; 2) kinetics or bodily movements (including gestures; and 3) haptics (touching), which are the more obvious channel of the intended messages, especially in interpersonal communication. There are other levels of communication though: intrapersonal, group and public communication, but for this purpose our discussion will be limited to communication contexts that transpire between two individuals, which centralizes the focus of the message being sent, whether between two sexes or same sex transactions. Proxemics. Just as we communicate with words, so too we transmit messages by placing ourselves in certain spatial relationships, with other persons or objects. The study of these spatial factors—or how we react to the space around us, how we use that space, and how our use of space communicates a particular information—is known as proxemics. Edward T. Hall, a pioneer in the study of proxemics, specified four spatial zones of interpersonal communication (i. e. intimate, personal social and public distance). Communicating Without Words The amount of space a person is allowed in most instances communicates the status of the communicators in a specific communication transaction. Dr. Lilian (1992) concludes that males 1) tend to approach women more closely in terms of their personal space; 2) take up more physical space when sitting or standing, with arms and legs stretched out away from their body; and 3) assume more reclined positions when sitting and lean backward when listening. These observations were likewise echoed in a study conducted by Erica Christoper (n. d. ) Kinetics. The human body is so versatile that it may transmit a number of messages in a single communication transaction. Early researchers delineated body expressions according to the part of the body involved in sending a particular message – facial expression, trunk movements, hand gestures, etc. Empirical evidence also suggests that, in general, 1) women use more head movements than men; 2) smile more often than men; and 3) engages more in eye contact (as cited by Christopher, Ibid). Dr. Lilian on men’s use of facial expression, reports that: 1) They tend to cock their head to the side and look at the other person from an angle when listening; 2) They provide fewer facial expressions in feedback and fewer reactions; 3) They tend to display frowning and squinting when listening; and 4) They stare more in negative interaction (Ibid). Haptics. Everyone uses touch at times to emphasize a point, interrupt another person speaking, or just as a comforting gesture. How this form of nonverbal communication is used and studied given a particular communication situation, has been referred to by communication scholars as haptics. Although women are more likely to use Communicating Without Words touch as a form of communication, men have been found to be more likely to touch women, than women are to touch men (Ibid). These instances, although provide a general observation on male/female communication styles establish the apparent difference in nonverbal use by members of different genders nonetheless. How they differ (relative to social norms and other factors) and to what extent in specific communication context, still need much research. At this point, we rest our case in that we have been provided with the basic understanding on the nonverbal form of communication as affected by gender differences. References: Erica, Christopher. â€Å"Gender Differences in Non-Verbal Behavior: A Global Look at the Use of Passive and Active Nonverbal Cues in Same Sex and Cross-Gender Conversation. † Retrieved 01 April 2009 from Saint Anselm College Website: http://www. anselm. edu/internet/psych/theses/seniors2002/christopher/webpage. ht ml#Abstract Ehninger, Douglas; Gronbeck, Bruce E. ; McKerrow, Ray E. ; Monroe, Alan H. (1982). Principles of Speech Communication, 9th Edition. USA: Scott, Foresman and Company. Givens, David (c1997-2008). Nonverbal Communication. Center for Nonverbal Studies. Retrieved April 01, 2009 from http://members. aol. com/nonverbal2/nvcom. htm He Says, She Says: Closing the Communication Gap Between the Sexes. Dr. Lillian Glass. Putnam, 1992. in â€Å"Gender Differences in Communication,† (n. d. ) Communicating Without Words Retrieved April 01, 2009 from The Ladies Room Website: http://www. geocities. com/Wellesley/2052/genddiff. html O’ Carroll, Eileen. (September 11, 2006). â€Å"Men are from Earth, and so are Women. † Retrieved April 01, 2009 from Anarchistnews. org: http://anarchistnews. org/? q=node/668 Pace, Wayne R. ; Peterson, Brent D. ; Burnett, M. Dallas. (1979). Techniques for Effective Communication. Philippines: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Windle, Rod and Warren, Suzanne. (n. d. ) â€Å"Communication Skills. † Collaborative Problem Solving and Dispute Resolution in Special Education: Training, an electronic manual Retrieved April 01, 2009 from http://www. directionservice. org/cadre/section4. cfm#Nonverbal%20Messages

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Free Essays on Effects of the Fall

The Effects of the Fall The fall of man has produced many different effects that have changed our minds, bodies, spirituality, and emotions, causing mankind to become further from God’s original plan. The moment sin entered our lives; we (humans) became imperfect and unable to achieve the perfection that we lost. The word perfect means; blameless, exact, holy, flawless and sinless says The Writers Digest Dictionary. Adam and Eve shared the most intimate relationship with God. They put an end to that intimacy, when they both took a bite out of the forbidden fruit and caused the first sin. That original sin caused more to humanity than just the lost intimate relationship with God. In Henry Blocher’s book Original Sin, he quotes John Calvin writing of the definition of original sin is, ‘hereditary, depravity, and corruption of our nature, diffused into all parts of the soul, which first makes us liable to God’s wraith, then also brings forth in us those works which scripture calls â€Å"works of the flesh†(Gal. 5:19).’ After the sin the human race would change rapidly and noticeably. Before the fall of man, Adam was given many different duties by God. Adam was in charge of the naming of the animals in the world. If a person were to open a modern biology book and view the different names and families of the animal kingdom; that was Adams doing. He named all the birds of the air, the creatures of the earth, and the fish of the sea and put them into all different types of categories and classes. God made Adam a rational creature, gifted with the power of choice. After the fall of man, our minds have become tainted and almost even inactive. Sin has counteracted the normal development of reason and has also changed our minds to that we love darkness rather than the light (John 5:19). We have become so infatuated with delusions that we want error to the truth. The highest of intellects of men in their fallen cond... Free Essays on Effects of the Fall Free Essays on Effects of the Fall The Effects of the Fall The fall of man has produced many different effects that have changed our minds, bodies, spirituality, and emotions, causing mankind to become further from God’s original plan. The moment sin entered our lives; we (humans) became imperfect and unable to achieve the perfection that we lost. The word perfect means; blameless, exact, holy, flawless and sinless says The Writers Digest Dictionary. Adam and Eve shared the most intimate relationship with God. They put an end to that intimacy, when they both took a bite out of the forbidden fruit and caused the first sin. That original sin caused more to humanity than just the lost intimate relationship with God. In Henry Blocher’s book Original Sin, he quotes John Calvin writing of the definition of original sin is, ‘hereditary, depravity, and corruption of our nature, diffused into all parts of the soul, which first makes us liable to God’s wraith, then also brings forth in us those works which scripture calls â€Å"works of the flesh†(Gal. 5:19).’ After the sin the human race would change rapidly and noticeably. Before the fall of man, Adam was given many different duties by God. Adam was in charge of the naming of the animals in the world. If a person were to open a modern biology book and view the different names and families of the animal kingdom; that was Adams doing. He named all the birds of the air, the creatures of the earth, and the fish of the sea and put them into all different types of categories and classes. God made Adam a rational creature, gifted with the power of choice. After the fall of man, our minds have become tainted and almost even inactive. Sin has counteracted the normal development of reason and has also changed our minds to that we love darkness rather than the light (John 5:19). We have become so infatuated with delusions that we want error to the truth. The highest of intellects of men in their fallen cond...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Bojangles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bojangles - Essay Example Here in this place, his tap lessons were learned and became 'Bojangles'. In this particular place, he learned the ways to earn a living through dancing and entertaining in local beer gardens, worked as bootblack and danced in public passing a hat around. Here in this place, he experienced maturity against life's challenges which gave him the courage to go and explore possibilities. At age 12, he left Richmond and rode a freight train to Washington, DC. Starting his journey of self-sufficiency as race track worker, Robinson took the road in hard work. After the first taste of professional show business gig in The South before the War and enlisting himself during World War I serving as the drum major of the 369th Infantry Regiment, the so-called "Harlem Hellfighters.", Robinson was determined to be a performer. This foot-work driven undaunted by the then racial discrimination managed to catch the limelight of entertainment amidst the world of white racial dominance in New York City. Among his achievements, he became George W. Cooper's foil, became solo performer and became famous for his debut tap stair dance. To become a show headliner, some of his gimmicks planned together with his manager Marty Forkins include setting a world's record in the backwards 75-yard dash (in 8.2 seconds) beating athletes and won sports world attention. He was offered Broadway shows and was able to enrapture the audience with his performance. Such kind of performance even made its way to New York's 1939 World's Fair. His entertainment skills also provided him the means to invade film industry with the movie phenomenon Shirley Temple. Having grown in poor conditions but managed to live decently, Robinson was able to earn his living using his talents of entertainment, a skill he learned in his childhood. Having known poverty, he was kind hearted and had lived generously both in spending, gambling and in charity works. He was known to donate in kind and in deeds to several organizations and foundations and also in Richmond. His gambling addiction and unsystematic charity works were said to drain his wealth such that he died poor despite of his million dollars earnings during his more than fifty-year show business career. His interests in this lavish spending and gambling episodes can be traced back to the time when he was just a boy earning his penny and spending his time in corner streets. Though a compulsive gambler, he did not drink. Robinson's tasteful dressing was also one of the most notable characteristic. In his sixties, Robinson was far from a kid who tap danced to earn pennies; he had achieved wealth and fame in a racist society. Instead of opting for retirement he continued to perform. He lived a principle of hardwork in his performances, "what success I achieved in the theater is due to the fact that I have always worked just as hard when there were ten people in the house as when there were thousands. Just as hard in Springfield, Illinois, as on Broadway" to quote him. The circumstance in which he was forced into retirement even culminates in his major benefit for the American Heart Association, held at the Copacabana, in New York City, a month before his seventieth birthday. After doing extra, more vigorous steps than the standard routine, he suffered a massive heart attack backstage.